We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
My grandfather bought the instrument. → 祖父买了乐器（主语"祖父"做动作）
🔄 被动语态
主语承受动作
The instrument was bought by my grandfather. → 乐器被祖父买了（主语"乐器"被动作）
💡 什么时候用被动？
① 动作的承受者比执行者更重要 → 课文 focus 的是 clavichord
② 不知道是谁做的动作 → The window was broken.（不知道谁打碎的）
③ 动作执行者很明显，不用提 → He was born in 1990.
被动语态的构成公式
be + 过去分词 (done)
be 动词根据时态变化，过去分词永远不变。
如果要说明动作的执行者，用 by + 某人。
课文中的被动语态（三种时态）
时态
结构
课文例子
现在时
am / is / are + done
It is called a clavichord. It is kept in the living room. We are not allowed to touch it.
过去时
was / were + done
It was made in Germany in 1681. It was bought by my grandfather. It was damaged by a visitor. Two strings were broken. My father was shocked.
现在进行时
am / is / are + being + done
It is being repaired by a friend.
🔍 深层对比：课文中的主动 vs 被动
句子
语态
为什么？
We have an old instrument.
主动
主语 we 发出动作"有"
It is called a clavichord.
被动
它是"被叫做"——我们关注乐器本身
It was made in Germany.
被动
制造者不重要，关注"哪儿造的"
It was bought by my grandfather.
被动
仍关注乐器，但用 by 补充了执行者
She struck the keys too hard.
主动
她发出动作——这里她才是焦点
two strings were broken.
被动
关注弦"断了"这件事本身
主动语态 ↔ 被动语态的转换
主动句
→ 被动句
My grandfather bought the instrument.
The instrument was bought by my grandfather.
A visitor damaged it.
It was damaged by a visitor.
Someone is repairing it.
It is being repaired.
They don't allow us to touch it.
We are not allowed to touch it.
💡 转换步骤：
1. 主动句的宾语 → 被动句的主语
2. be 动词变到与主动句动词一致的时态
3. 主动句的动词 → 过去分词
4. 主动句的主语 → by + 某人（可省略）
✏️ 练习
练习 1：标红句子是被动语态还是主动语态？
The clavichord is kept in the living room.
She tried to play jazz on it.
Two of the strings were broken.
My father was shocked.
It has belonged to our family for a long time.
It is being repaired by a friend.
答案：
1. 被动（is kept）
2. 主动（tried to play）
3. 被动（were broken）
4. 被动（was shocked）
5. 主动（has belonged to — belong to 是表示"属于"的状态，没有被动）
6. 被动（is being repaired）
练习 2：将主动句改为被动句
Someone made this violin in Italy.
My grandfather bought the clock.
A naughty boy broke the window.
A technician is repairing the piano.
They don't allow children to enter.
答案：
1. This violin was made in Italy.
2. The clock was bought by my grandfather.
3. The window was broken by a naughty boy.
4. The piano is being repaired by a technician.
5. Children are not allowed to enter.
练习 3：用被动语态填空（注意时态！）
The book _______________ (write) by Lu Xun.
This house _______________ (build) in 1920.
French _______________ (speak) in parts of Canada.
The car _______________ (repair) at the moment.
I _______________ (give) a gift on my birthday.
答案：
1. was written（过去时）
2. was built（过去时）
3. is spoken（现在时，一般事实）
4. is being repaired（现在进行时——at the moment 提示正在修）
5. was given（过去时，生日已过）
练习 4：中译英
这件乐器叫古钢琴。
古钢琴是 1681 年在德国制造的。
两根琴弦被弄断了。
我们现在不被允许碰它。
我的手机正在被修理。
参考答案：
1. The instrument is called a clavichord.
2. The clavichord was made in Germany in 1681.
3. Two strings were broken.
4. We are not allowed to touch it now.
5. My phone is being repaired.